> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://developers.openalex.org/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Works Overview > Schema reference for Works entities Works are scholarly documents like journal articles, books, datasets, and theses. OpenAlex indexes hundreds of millions of works. ## Filter, sort, and group\_by fields The API supports filtering, sorting, and grouping on works fields. See [Filtering](/guides/filtering), [Sorting](/guides/sort), and [Grouping](/guides/grouping) for syntax. Fields marked **(deprecated)** are `.search` filters — use the [`search` parameter](/guides/searching) instead. ### Top-level | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | -------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `authors_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_open_version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `cited_by` | | | ✓ | | `cited_by_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `cites` | | | ✓ | | `concepts_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `corresponding_author_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `corresponding_institution_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `countries_distinct_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `created_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `datasets` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `display_name` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `doi` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `doi_starts_with` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `from_created_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `from_publication_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `fulltext_origin` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `fwci` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `has_abstract` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_doi` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_embeddings` | | | ✓ | | `has_fulltext` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_oa_accepted_or_published_version` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_oa_submitted_version` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_old_authors` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_orcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_pdf_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_pmcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_pmid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_raw_affiliation_strings` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_references` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `indexed_in` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions_distinct_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `is_corresponding` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `is_oa` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `is_paratext` *(deprecated — use `type:paratext`)* | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `is_retracted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `is_xpac` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `journal` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `language` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `mag` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `mag_only` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `oa_status` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `openalex` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `openalex_id` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `pmcid` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `pmid` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `publication_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `publication_year` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `raw_affiliation_strings` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `referenced_works` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `referenced_works_count` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `related_to` | | | ✓ | | `repository` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `to_created_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `to_publication_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `to_updated_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `topics_count` | | | ✓ | | `type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `updated_date` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Abstract | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `abstract.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | | `abstract.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Apc List | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `apc_list.currency` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_list.provenance` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_list.value` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_list.value_usd` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Apc Paid | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `apc_paid.currency` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_paid.provenance` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_paid.value` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `apc_paid.value_usd` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Author | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | -------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `author.id` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `author.orcid` | | ✓ | ✓ | ### Authorships | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `authorships.affiliations.institution_ids` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.author.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.author.orcid` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.countries` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.continent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.is_global_south` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.institutions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `authorships.is_corresponding` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Awards | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `awards.doi` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `awards.funder_award_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `awards.funder_display_name` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `awards.funder_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `awards.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Best Oa Location | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `best_oa_location.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.raw_type` | | | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `best_oa_location.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Biblio | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `biblio.first_page` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `biblio.issue` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `biblio.last_page` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `biblio.volume` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Citation Normalized Percentile | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ----------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `citation_normalized_percentile.value` | ✓ | | ✓ | ### Cited By Percentile Year | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `cited_by_percentile_year.max` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `cited_by_percentile_year.min` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Concept | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `concept.id` | | ✓ | ✓ | ### Concepts | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `concepts.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `concepts.wikidata` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Default | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `default.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Display Name | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `display_name.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | | `display_name.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Fulltext | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `fulltext.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Funders | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `funders.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Has Content | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `has_content.grobid_xml` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `has_content.pdf` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Ids | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | -------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `ids.mag` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `ids.openalex` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `ids.pmcid` | ✓ | | ✓ | | `ids.pmid` | ✓ | | ✓ | ### Institution | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `institution.id` | | ✓ | ✓ | ### Institution Assertions | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `institution_assertions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institution_assertions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institution_assertions.lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institution_assertions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institution_assertions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Institutions | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------ | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `institutions.continent` | | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions.country_code` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions.is_global_south` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions.ror` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `institutions.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Keyword | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `keyword.search` **(deprecated)** | ✓ | | ✓ | ### Keywords | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `keywords.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Locations | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | -------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `locations.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.raw_type` | | | ✓ | | `locations.source.has_issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.host_institution_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.is_core` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.publisher_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `locations.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Open Access | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ----------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `open_access.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `open_access.oa_status` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Primary Location | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `primary_location.is_accepted` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.is_published` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.landing_page_url` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.license` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.license_id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.raw_type` | | | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.has_issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.host_institution_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.host_organization` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.is_core` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.is_in_doaj` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.is_oa` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.issn` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.publisher_lineage` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.source.type` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_location.version` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Primary Topic | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `primary_topic.domain.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_topic.field.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_topic.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `primary_topic.subfield.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ### Raw Affiliation Strings | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `raw_affiliation_strings.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Raw Author Name | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ----------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `raw_author_name.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Semantic | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `semantic.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Sustainable Development Goals | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `sustainable_development_goals.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `sustainable_development_goals.score` | ✓ | | ✓ | ### Title | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | --------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `title.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | | `title.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Title And Abstract | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | ---------------------------------------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `title_and_abstract.search` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | | `title_and_abstract.search.no_stem` **(deprecated)** | | | ✓ | ### Topics | Field | Sort | Group\_by | Filter | | -------------------- | :--: | :-------: | :----: | | `topics.domain.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `topics.field.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `topics.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | | `topics.subfield.id` | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |